Encyclopedia of Vital Substances

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), also called dimethylsulfone, is a sulfur-containing chemical compound that occurs naturally in the environment. This compound is found in foods such as milk and cooked vegetables. Through our diet, our own metabolism and that of our gut bacteria, MSM is also found naturally in our body in the blood and spinal fluid.  

Characteristics:  

MSM has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-tumor properties in various studies. From a clinical perspective, the exact application is still uncertain and MSM is therefore currently only used in complementary medicine.  

However, there are studies in which MSM supplementation in humans has led to an increase in the good cholesterol, HDL, which could have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system. In both an animal and human study, MSM supplementation showed a reduction in oxidative stress on the muscles after exercise.  

The most common use of MSM is for joint health due to its beneficial anti-inflammatory properties. Several clinical studies have highlighted the benefits of MSM in relieving arthritis pain. Studies have found that MSM significantly contributes to reducing pain and physical function limitation in osteoarthritis patients.  

What is particularly interesting for use in our product DermAgil Beauty is that studies have shown that MSM leads to an improvement in the skin and signs of aging. The test subjects showed more elastic, hydrated skin with fewer wrinkles. Another study also showed an improvement in the shine of nails and hair as well as an improvement in hair volume.  

Dosage recommendation and possible side effects  

A daily dose of up to four grams is usually well tolerated and has only a few known and mild side effects. When applied externally, slight skin and eye irritation has been observed. An interaction between alcohol and MSM, such as increased sensitivity, may be possible, but needs to be researched in more detail.  

Which AgilNature® products contain methylsulfonylmethane? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = percentage of the reference value according to Annex XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

1. Engelke UF, Tangerman A, Willemsen MA, Moscow D, Loss S, Mudd SH, Wevers RA (August 2005). "Dimethyl sulfone in human cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma confirmed by one-dimensional (1)H and two-dimensional (1)H-(13)C NMR". NMR in Biomedicine. 18(5): 331–6. 
2. PharmaWiki - MSM (methylsulfonylmethane). https://www.pharmawiki.ch/wiki/index.php?wiki=MSM (accessed on December 16, 2023) 
3. Miller L, Thompson K, Pavlenco C, Mettu VS, Haverkamp H, Skaufel S, Basit A, Prasad B, Larsen J. The Effect of Daily Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Consumption on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Healthy Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2021 Oct 15;13(10):3620. 
4. Muizzuddin N, Benjamin R. Beauty from within: Oral administration of a sulfur-containing supplement methylsulfonylmethane improves signs of skin aging. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022 Jul;92(3-4):182-191. 
5. Lim, Eun Young; Hong, Dae Young; Park, Jin Hee; Young, Youn Hee; Darvin, Pramod; Kim, Sang Yoon; Well, Yoon Mi; Hwang, Tae Sook; Ye, Sang Kyu; Moon, Eon Soo; Cho, Byung Wook (2012). "Methylsulfonylmethane suppresses breast cancer growth by down-regulating STAT3 and STAT5b pathways". PLOS ONE. 7(4):e33361. 
6. Barmaki S, Bohlooli S, Khoshkhahesh F, Nakhostin-Roohi B (April 2012). "Effect of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on exercise - Induced muscle damage and total antioxidant capacity". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 52 (2): 170–4. 
7. Nakhostin-Roohi B, Barmaki S, Khoshkhahesh F, Bohlooli S (October 2011). "Effect of chronic supplementation with methylsulfonylmethane on oxidative stress following acute exercise in untrained healthy men". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 63 (10): 1290–4 
8. Liu X, Machado GC, Eyles JP, et al. Dietary supplements for treating osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, British Journal of Sports Medicine 2018;52:167-175. 
9. Butawan, M., Benjamin, RL & Bloomer, RJ Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement. Nutrients 9 , 290 (2017). 

There is a lot to know about this vegetable that can be found in numerous dishes and is well known. The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) was previously known as the love apple, paradise apple or golden apple. However, its current name is derived from the Aztec language, in which the plant is called xītomatl. The plant originally comes from Central and South America, where it was cultivated by the Mayans and other peoples as early as 200 BC. It only came to Europe after the conquest of Central and South America at the beginning of the 16th century. In addition to the most common red variety, there are countless others, from yellow to black. The world of tomatoes is rich in varieties and colors, from the well-known red round ones to unusual varieties such as purple, striped or small berry tomatoes. Breeders are constantly working on developing new varieties that impress not only in terms of taste, but also in terms of disease resistance and yield.  

The tomato consists mainly of water, up to 95%. However, it contains numerous vitamins such as vitamin A, B1, B2, C, E, niacin, healthy secondary plant substances as well as minerals, especially potassium and trace elements. The highest of these is the vitamin C content, which can cover up to 17% of the daily requirement with 100 g of tomato. Many of the substances contained, such as phenols and flavonoids, are known to have many different properties such as antioxidant, antidepressant, blood pressure lowering, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties. Lycopene and α-tomatin are also notable components. The former has been observed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity by regulating fat metabolism. The latter has been shown in experiments to be effective against prostate cancer.  

It is therefore obvious that tomato extract may have a positive effect on health. This has led to the development of a special tomato extract called “Fruitflow” that is available on the market and which we also use in our products.  

Several studies examining the tomato extract “Fruitflow” observed a reduced platelet aggregation in humans, which could clog blood vessels. Therefore, current science suggests that with sufficient supplementation, the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis can be reduced, as it reduces the risk of platelet accumulation in the blood vessels.  

Caution  

Although tomatoes offer many health benefits, people with certain allergies or health conditions should exercise caution. In particular, if you have a known allergy to nightshades, histamine intolerance, or reflux disease, it is advisable to consult a doctor  

Literature:  

1. Jacques Lanore: Tables de composition des aliments. Institut scientifique d'hygiène alimentaire, editions, 1985, ISBN 2-86268-055-9.  

1. Elizalde-Romero CA, Montoya-Inzunza LA, Contreras-Angulo LA, Heredia JB, Gutierrez-Grijalva EP. Solanum Fruits: Phytochemicals, Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability, and Their Relationship With Their Health-Promoting Effects. Front Nutr. 2021 Nov 25;8:790582.  

1. Colado-Velázquez JI, Mailloux-Salinas P, Arias-Chávez DJ, Ledesma-Aparicio J, Gómez-Viquez NL, Cano-Europa E, Sarabia GN, Bravo G. Lipidic extract of whole tomato reduces hyperplasia, oxidative stress and inflammation on testosterone-induced BPH in obese rats. Int Urol Nephrol. 2023 Mar;55(3):529-539.  

1. Burton-Freeman, B., & Sesso, HD (2014). Whole food versus supplement: comparing the clinical evidence of tomato intake and lycopene supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 5(5), 457-485.  

1. Bailly C. The steroidal alkaloids α-tomatine and tomatidine: Panorama of their mode of action and pharmacological properties. Steroids. 2021 Dec;176:108933.  

1. Cámara M, Fernández-Ruiz V, Sánchez-Mata MC, Cámara RM, Domínguez L, Sesso HD. Scientific Evidence of the Beneficial Effects of Tomato Products on Cardiovascular Disease and Platelet Aggregation. Front Nutr. 2022 Mar 15;9:849841.  

1. Chen H, Zhang S, Wang H, Bao L, Wu W, Qi R. Fruitflow inhibits platelet function by suppressing Akt/GSK3β, Syk/PLCγ2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in collagen-stimulated platelets. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022 Mar 17;22(1):75.  

1. Rehman A, Tyree SM, Fehlbaum S, DunnGalvin G, Panagos CG, Guy B, Patel S, Dinan TG, Duttaroy AK, Duss R, Steinert RE. A water-soluble tomato extract rich in secondary plant metabolites lowers trimethylamine-n-oxide and modulates gut microbiota: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. 2023 Jan;153(1):96-105.  

1. Zhang S, Chen H, Li C, Chen B, Gong H, Zhao Y, Qi R. Water-Soluble Tomato Extract Fruit flow alters the phosphoproteomic profile of collagen-stimulated platelets. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Sep 27;12:746107.  

1. O'Kennedy, N., Duss, R., & Duttaroy, A.K. (2021). Dietary Antiplatelets: A New Perspective on the Health Benefits of the Water-Soluble Tomato Concentrate Fruitflow®. Nutrients, 13(7), 2184.  

The skullcaps ( Scutellaria ) are a genus of plants that include over 400 different species found worldwide. The best-known species, however, is the Baikal skullcap ( Scutellaria baicalensis ). This species is found in northern East Asia and thus grows in parts of Siberia, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. The herb has upright growing shoots that have rows of beautiful purple flowers, but the root is mainly used. What makes this subspecies so special is that it is the most collected medicinal plant for traditional Chinese medicine. Traditionally, it is used as a medicinal plant in many ways, for infectious diseases, rheumatism, arrhythmia, high blood pressure and pneumonia. Compared to other medicinal plants such as echinacea or ginseng, the Baikal skullcap is characterized by its strong antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects.  

In one study, an ingredient in the plant showed an antispasmodic and calming effect, which led to improved sleep in the mice studied. But the herb does not only have an effect on the nervous system.  

The main feature of its medicinal use is its effect on the immune system. Baikal skullcap has anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial effects. Many studies also indicate that it has a wide range of antitumor effects. Promising observations have been made, particularly against colon, breast and cervical cancer. Colon and breast cancer are the two most common types of cancer that occur in women. Researchers are therefore particularly interested in studying skullcap.  

The most important ingredients of the plant are wogonin and baicalein, both of which are being studied in more detail in research as they offer potential for new drugs against autoimmune diseases or cancer, for example. Research has even shown that wogonin can trigger cell death in cancer cells, but leave healthy cells untouched.  

What is particularly interesting for women is that components of the plant are believed to help against pregnancy-related diseases such as gestational diabetes and could also be preventative against premature births and miscarriages.  

Possible side effects 

Skullcap roots are generally well tolerated, unless there are intolerances that can lead to stomach problems. In very rare cases and usually in combination with other herbs, liver damage has been observed due to skullcap.  

Literature:  

1. Zhao T, Tang H, Xie L, Zheng Y, Ma Z, Sun Q, Li X. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. (Lamiaceae): a review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019 Sep;71(9):1353-1369.  
2. Tuli HS, Bhushan S, Kumar A, Aggarwal P, Sak K, Ramniwas S, Vashishth K, Behl T, Rana R, Haque S, Prieto MA. Autophagy Induction by Scutellaria Flavones in Cancer: Recent Advances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Feb 15;16(2):302.  
3. Kerjaschki, D., Bago-Horvath, Z., Rudas, M., Sexl, V., Schneckenleithner, C., Wolbank, S., Bartel, G., Krieger, S., Kalt, R., Hantusch, B., Keller, T., Nagy-Bojarszky, K., Huttary, N., Raab, I., Lackner, K., Krautgasser, K., Schachner, H., Kaserer, K., Rezar, S., Madlener, S., … Krupitza, G. (2011). Lipoxygenase mediates invasion of intrametastatic lymphatic vessels and propagates lymph node metastasis of human mammary carcinoma xenografts in mouse. The Journal of clinical investigation, 121(5), 2000-2012.  
4. Baumann, S., Fas, S., Giaisi, M., Müller, W., Merling, A., Gülow, K., Edler, L., Krammer, P., & Li‐Weber, M. (2008). Wogonin preferentially kills malignant lymphocytes and suppresses T-cell tumor growth by inducing PLCgamma1- and Ca2+-dependent apoptosis.. Blood, 111 4, 2354-63 .  
5. Yang X, Zheng S, Wang X, Wang J, Ali Shah SB, Wang Y, Gao R, Xu Z. Advances in pharmacology, biosynthesis, and metabolic engineering of Scutellaria-specialized metabolites. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2022 Dec 29:1-17.  
6. Wang ZL, Wang S, Kuang Y, Hu ZM, Qiao X, Ye M. A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of Scutellaria baicalensis. Pharm Biol. 2018 Dec;56(1):465-484.  
7. Wang J, Chen S, Zhang J, Wu J. Scutellaria baicalensis georgi is a promising candidate for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 16;13:946030.  
8. Yu P, Li J, Luo Y, Sun J, Hu Y, Lin B, Meng X, Xiang L. Mechanistic Role of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in Breast Cancer Therapy. Am J Chin Med 2023;51(2):279-308.  
9. Cai J, Hu Q, He Z, Chen X, Wang J, Yin X, Ma X, Zeng J. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Their Natural Flavonoid Compounds in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: A Review. Molecules. 2023 Jun 29;28(13):5082.  
10. Jang JY, Im E, Kim ND. Therapeutic Potential of Bioactive Components from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 19;24(3):1954. doi: 10.3390/ijms24031954.  
11. "LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury". United States National Library of Medicine. 2012. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548757/ (Accessed on January 23, 2024)  
12. Fang DN, Zheng CW, Ma YL. Effectiveness of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root in pregnancy-related diseases: A review. J Integr Med. 2023 Jan;21(1):17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2022.09.005. Epub 2022 Sep 28.  

You come across real licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra ) more often in everyday life than you might think. Another name for the plant is liquorice. It is found in the sweet of the same name or in teas and medicines. The typical taste of liquorice comes from a sugar contained in the plant, which is fifty times sweeter than ordinary cane sugar.  

The plant is native to the Mediterranean region and Western Asia. It has a long history as a medicinal remedy, dating back to ancient times in Egypt, China and Indian culture. It has traditionally been used to treat a variety of diseases, including lung, liver, circulatory and kidney diseases. It has also been used to increase appetite and for detoxification. Its versatile, effective effects have earned it the name “king of all herbs”.  

Nowadays, liquorice is used for various complaints, such as digestive problems, menopausal symptoms, coughs, and bacterial and viral infections. In 2012, it was even the medicinal plant of the year. In tablet form, it can also help prevent and relieve sore throats. The reasons why liquorice is excellent for coughs are the active ingredients it contains, which promote expectoration, are secretolytic, and are expectorant. Liquorice extracts have also been shown to have antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have also shown that liquorice relieves symptoms of sore throats after surgery, as well as asthma.  

In addition to treating respiratory diseases, the active ingredients contained in it are also said to have the following properties:  

Atheroprotective:  

The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet and cholesterol-lowering properties reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, in which the arteries become narrowed and blocked by fatty deposits. Licorice extract can therefore prevent cardiovascular problems.  

Anticancer:  

In studies, active ingredients in licorice have inhibited the growth of various cancer cells such as breast cancer, cervical cancer and cancer of the digestive tract. In addition to the inhibition, an increase in the death of cancer cells was also observed.  

Anti-diabetic:  

Licorice extracts can potentially help with diabetes because they lower blood sugar.  

Liver-protective:  

The liver is responsible for many important processes, especially detoxification, and a healthy liver is therefore essential. Liver inflammations caused by toxins or viruses can be treated with an active ingredient in licorice. In Asia, licorice is therefore often used traditionally to treat liver diseases.  

Antibacterial & Antiviral:  

In experiments, extracts from licorice showed an antibacterial effect against gram-positive bacteria. The antiviral effect of the plant is particularly interesting in winter and at present. Studies have found an antiviral effect against herpes and influenza viruses. According to studies, licorice could also be effective against the coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and could represent a prophylactic treatment option.  

For healthy stomach function:  

The anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic and antioxidant properties of licorice help maintain healthy stomach function and prevent stomach ulcers. It can reduce the inflammatory process of the mucous membrane and oxidative tissue damage in certain stomach diseases and improve the healing of the mucous membrane. In India, licorice is therefore used in medicines for a healthy gastrointestinal tract. In Germany and France, the extract is also used in some products, such as teas, to support stomach function.  

Support in wound healing:  

In combination with other herbs, a study found the potential of licorice to promote wound healing.  

Possible side effects 

If you have high blood pressure, you should avoid excessive consumption of liquorice extracts, as liquorice can increase blood pressure. However, this should only be done if you consume more than 50 to 200 g per day for four weeks. In addition, people with heart and kidney problems should also avoid excessive consumption, as liquorice can reduce the potassium concentration in the body.  

In large quantities, licorice can lead to premature births or health problems in the child during pregnancy. Therefore, taking licorice during pregnancy is not recommended.  

Licorice should be used with caution in people with heart failure, kidney disease, or electrolyte imbalances. Long-term or high doses can lead to serious health problems  

Possible interactions  

Licorice may affect the effects of certain medications, including blood pressure medications, diuretics and steroids  

Other applications  

Licorice can be used in various forms, such as tea, tincture or capsules. To make tea, it is recommended to steep dried licorice roots in hot water for about 10 minutes. When using licorice in the kitchen, it can be used as a natural sweetener in desserts or drinks  

Which AgilNature® products contain licorice extract?  

*Nutrient Reference Value = percentage of the reference value according to Annex XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

1. "Licorice root". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. August 2020. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/licorice-root (Accessed on January 19, 2024)  
2. Kuriyama A, Maeda H. Topical application of licorice for prevention of postoperative sore throat in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2019 May;54:25-32.  
3. Wahab S, Ahmad I, Irfan S, Siddiqua A, Usmani S, Ahmad MP. Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Glycyrrhiza glabra in the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2022;22(11):1476-1494.  
4. Wahab, S., Annadurai, S., Abullais, SS, Das, G., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, MF, Kandasamy, G., Vasudevan, R., Ali, MS, & Amir, M. (2021). Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology. Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(12), 2751.  
5. Markina YV, Kirichenko TV, Markin AM, Yudina IY, Starodubova AV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Atheroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Molecules. 2022 Jul 22;27(15):4697.  
6. Zhang B, Yan M, Zhang W, Ke ZY, Ma LG. Glycyrrhiza glabra suppresses nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation through inhibiting the expression of lncRNA, AK027294. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2020 Feb;84(2):314-320.  
7. Lu D, Yang Y, Du Y, Zhang L, Yang Y, Tibenda JJ, Nan Y, Yuan L. The Potential of Glycyrrhiza from "Medicine Food Homology" in the Fight against Digestive System Tumors. Molecules. 2023 Nov 22;28(23):7719.  
8. Elebeedy D, Ghanem A, Aly SH, Ali MA, Faraag AHI, El-Ashrey MK, Salem AM, Hassab MAE, Maksoud AIAE. Synergistic antiviral activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Glycyrrhiza glabra against Herpes Simplex-1 Virus (HSV-1) and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV): experimental and In Silico insights. BMC Microbiol. 2023 Jun 30;23(1):173.  
9. Rizvi ZA, Babele P, Sadhu S, Madan U, Tripathy MR, Goswami S, Mani S, Kumar S, Awasthi A, Dikshit M. Prophylactic treatment of Glycyrrhiza glabra mitigates COVID-19 pathology through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hamster model and NETosis. Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 27;13:945583.  
10. Soleiman-Meigooni S, Hoseini Yekta N, Sheikhan HR, Aminianfar M, Hamidi-Farahani R, Ahmadi M, Asgari A, Kazemi-Galougahi MH, Rahimi R. Efficacy of a standardized herbal formulation from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. as an adjuvant treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled trial. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022 Oct-Dec;13(4):100670.  
11. Gaur R, Yadav KS, Verma RK, Yadav NP, Bhakuni RS In vivo anti-diabetic activity of derivatives of isoliquiritigenin and liquiritigenin. Phytomedicine. 2014;21:415–422. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.015  
12. Jafari F, Jafari M, Moghadam AT, Emami SA, Jamialahmadi T, Mohammadpour AH, Sahebkar A. A review of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) effects on metabolic syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021;1328:385-400.  
13. El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota H. Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Biomolecules. 2020 Feb 25;10(3):352.  
14. Leite CDS, Bonafé GA, Carvalho Santos J, Martinez CAR, Ortega MM, Ribeiro ML. The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)-Derived Compounds in Intestinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Apr 8;23(8):4121.  
15. Aly SH, Elissawy AM, Mahmoud AMA, El-Tokhy FS, Mageed SSA, Almahli H, Al-Rashood ST, Binjubair FA, Hassab MAE, Eldehna WM, Singab AEB. Synergistic Effect of Sophora japonica and Glycyrrhiza glabra Flavonoid-Rich Fractions on Wound Healing: In Vivo and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules. 2023 Mar 27;28(7):2994.  
16. Mamedov, N. A., & Egamberdieva, D. (2019). Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Licorice: A Review. Plant and Human Health, Volume 3: Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04408-4_1  

Vitamin A is a collective term that covers a group of essential, fat-soluble nutrients with a similar structure. The active form of this in our body is called retinol, which can be converted and stored in our liver. Vitamin A is found in both animal and plant foods. The active form, retinol, is found in animal products, while provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene are found in plants. There are several forms of vitamin A, including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid, which are found in animal foods, and various provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin, which are found in plant foods. Our body can convert these plant provitamin A into vitamin A and use it. The best known and most important provitamin A is β-carotene. Since the conversion and bioavailability of provitamins A are different, the reference value is also given as retinol equivalent (RE), which mathematically takes into account the differences between vitamin A and provitamins A.  

This vitamin is vital for our body because it is necessary for a variety of biological processes such as vision, immune function, cell differentiation and embryonic development.  

Vitamin A is an important component of various processes, but the most prominent is the process of vision. Vitamin A is important for maintaining vision in dim light and helps the eye adapt to darkness. Vitamin A is a component of rhodopsin, which enables vision in the retina. Since carrots contain particularly high levels of provitamin A, β-carotene, this is where the saying comes from that carrots are good for the eyes.  

Vitamin A is also important for cell differentiation and cell growth. Vitamin A plays an important role in gene expression by binding to receptors in cell nuclei and influencing the transcription of specific genes, which is essential for the normal development and maintenance of cells. It is therefore very important for the development and maintenance of the function of most tissues such as skin and mucous membranes, but also for healthy hair. It can also support wound healing. It is also involved in the development and function of lymphocytes, white blood cells, in blood formation, bone mineralization and in the development of germ cells (egg cells and sperm). Vitamin A also plays an important role in embryonic development, including the maturation of lung tissue. In the immune system, it is needed to regulate certain cells, the lack of which could lead to autoimmune diseases.  

In medicine, vitamin A is mainly used in products to combat cancer and to promote healthy skin and skin diseases. Among other things, it is used to combat acne and skin aging caused by sun exposure.  

Vitamin A – the most important tasks in brief 

The following vitamin A-related health claims have been evaluated and approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) through scientific studies: 

• Vitamin A contributes to normal iron metabolism 

• Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes 

• Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal skin 

• Vitamin A contributes to the maintenance of normal vision 

• Vitamin A contributes to the normal function of the immune system 

• Vitamin A has a function in cell specialization 

Your daily requirement of vitamin A 

The German Nutrition Society recommends an intake of 850 µg per day for men and 700 µg per day for women. Pregnant women have an increased need of 800 µg, as do breastfeeding women, for whom 1300 µg is recommended. Nevertheless, pregnant women should avoid regular or excessive consumption of products rich in vitamin A.  

Vitamin A is only found in animal foods such as sausages, fish and cheese, especially in the liver.  

Provitamin A carotenoids, which our body can convert into vitamin A, are found in plant foods such as peppers, pumpkin, apricots, sweet potatoes, spinach, carrots, egg yolks and green leafy vegetables. Since vitamin A is fat-soluble, when taken from plant sources, a little fat, such as a teaspoon of oil, should be consumed at the same time. The availability of vitamin A in foods can be affected by preparation methods. Long cooking or heating can reduce the vitamin A content. It is recommended to cook foods gently to preserve the nutrients  

With a balanced diet, a vitamin A deficiency is unlikely. However, an unbalanced diet, as well as some chronic diseases that affect fat digestion and absorption, such as inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease or pancreatic disorders, can lead to a deficiency. Alcohol abuse, inflammation and kidney disease can also increase the risk. In developing countries, a vitamin A deficiency is the most common cause of blindness and increased mortality in childhood.  

An unhealthy maximum amount of vitamin A is set at 3000 µg per day. Health side effects from a high intake of provitamin A from food are not known and there is no maximum limit. Too high an intake of vitamin A from natural foods is unlikely. It is possible if you take too many vitamin A supplements or foods rich in vitamin A. Symptoms of a vitamin A overdose are non-specific and include nausea, vomiting, headaches and blurred vision, as well as muscle pain, dry and red skin, hair loss and brittle fingernails. In pregnant women, it can also lead to embryonic malformations.  

How a vitamin A deficiency can manifest itself  

A deficiency typically manifests itself in visual disturbances such as night blindness. The blindness caused by long-term vitamin A deficiency can be permanent. This can also lead to drying out of the tear glands and conjunctiva, and even to ulceration of the cornea and blindness.  

The immune system is also strongly affected by a deficiency. It is weakened and the susceptibility to infections is higher, especially in the respiratory tract.  

Other symptoms include loss of appetite and weight loss, dry, hardened skin and mucous membranes, and general muscle weakness.  

In addition to vision problems and a weakened immune system, vitamin A deficiency can lead to growth delays in children, reproductive problems and increased mortality rates  

Which AgilNature® products contain vitamin A? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = percentage of the reference value according to Annex XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No 1169/2011.  

Literature:  

1. Vitamin A. DGE. https://www.dge.de/wissenschaft/referenzwerte/vitamin-a/ (accessed on January 21, 2024)  
2. Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006 (Health Claims)  
3. Blaner WS, Li Y, Brun PJ, Yuen JJ, Lee SA, Clugston RD. Vitamin A Absorption, Storage and Mobilization. Subcell Biochem. 2016;81:95-125.  
4. Carazo A, Macáková K, Matoušová K, Krčmová LK, Protti M, Mladěnka P. Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients. 2021 May 18;13(5):1703.  
5. Zinder R, Cooley R, Vlad LG, Molnar JA. Vitamin A and Wound Healing. Nutr Clinic Pract. 2019 Dec;34(6):839-849.  
6. VanBuren CA, Everts HB. Vitamin A in Skin and Hair: An Update. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 19;14(14):2952. doi: 10.3390/nu14142952.  

Origin and history

The well-known garlic ( Allium sativum ) belongs to the allium family. The edible tuber has been used in all cuisines around the world for thousands of years, but originally comes from South and Central Asia and Iran. It is an excellent source of sulfur-containing compounds such as alliin, which our body urgently needs for building proteins, for example. Some compounds are only formed when the garlic is cut or heated. These compounds are also the main reason for garlic's pungent smell and taste.  

In addition to its use in cooking, garlic has traditionally been used for health purposes by people in many parts of the world, including the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Japanese, dubbed the “all-rounder”. This reputation stems from its numerous medicinal uses throughout history. This is where all the superstitions surrounding garlic developed, which say that it can protect against evil such as demons and vampires.  

Garlic is a source of important vitamins such as vitamins C and B6 and contains minerals such as selenium and manganese. Garlic also provides fiber, which is important for healthy digestion  

As it lives up to its name as an all-rounder, garlic is said to have many health-promoting properties in traditional medicine. These include anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renal protective, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antihypertensive properties. Garlic is also known for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In many cultures it is therefore very popular for colds.  

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were examined in a study where different levels were observed in cyclists after a 40 km ride. It was found that additional garlic intake did not improve performance, but it reduced training-induced inflammatory levels and weakened muscle damage after training.  

However, what is more evident from studies is that garlic may have many heart-protecting and anti-atherosclerotic (which counteracts narrowing of the arteries) properties. For example, through the observed reduction in the total concentration of blood fat, inhibition of platelet aggregation and lowering of blood pressure. These together could reduce the risk of heart disease. However, more detailed research is still needed and benefits for the cardiovascular system are currently the main focus of research regarding garlic supplementation. Benefits are also suspected for diseases such as diabetes, as it has been observed that ingredients in garlic increased the sensitivity of the cells to insulin and triggered a higher insulin release, which leads to an overall reduction in blood sugar.  

Possible side effects  

Garlic is safe for people without an intolerance. In the case of intolerances such as large quantities on an empty stomach, flatulence and gastrointestinal problems can occur. Burns may occur if used on the skin. At higher concentrations, more severe symptoms may occur. Therefore, for older people, the recommended amount of raw garlic is 4g per day.  

Interactions  

Garlic is safe for people without an intolerance. However, it is suspected that garlic ingredients may interact with some medications. Therefore, those affected are advised not to consume garlic in dietary supplements. The risk of bleeding may be increased if taken, so caution should be taken when taking blood thinners such as warfarin/Coumadin at the same time or before surgery. Garlic may also reduce the effectiveness of some HIV medication, saquinavir.  

Literature:  

1. "Garlic”. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. December 2020. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/garlic (Accessed on January 22, 2024)  
2. El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, G Wasef L, Elewa YHA, A Al-Sagan A, Abd El-Hack ME, Taha AE, M Abd-Elhakim Y, Prasad Devkota H. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic ( Allium sativum L.): A Review. Nutrients. 2020 Mar 24;12(3):872.  
3. Sobenin IA, Myasoedova VA, Iltchuk MI, Zhang DW, Orekhov AN. Therapeutic effects of garlic in cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. Chin J Nat Med. 2019 Oct;17(10):721-728.  
4. Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB. Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods. 2019 Jul 5;8(7):246.  
5. Valls RM, Companys J, Calderón-Pérez L, Salamanca P, Pla-Pagà L, Sandoval-Ramírez BA, Bueno A, Puzo J, Crescenti A, Bas JMD, Caimari A, Salamanca A, Espinel AE, Pedret A, Arola L , Solà R. Effects of an Optimized Aged Garlic Extract on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Moderate Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Sustained and Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2022 Jan 18;14(3):405.  
6. Varade S, Nadella M, Hirake A, Mungase SB, Ali A, Adela R. Effect of garlic on the components of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Jan 10;318(Pt B):116960.  
7. Tsao JP, Bernard JR, Tu TH, Hsu HC, Chang CC, Liao SF, Cheng IS. Garlic supplementation attenuates cycling exercise-induced oxidative inflammation but fails to improve time trial performance in healthy adults. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2023 Dec;20(1):2206809.  

Origin and history

The typical yellow-orange powder of turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), which is used as a spice and coloring agent, is well known to many and is related to ginger. The plant is native to India and Southeast Asia. The rootstock is used to obtain the powder. In addition to its typical, slightly spicy taste and its use as a spice, especially in curries, it is also anchored in Asian folk medicine and traditional rituals. In folk medicine it is used to relieve minor digestive problems such as bloating and flatulence.  

Turmeric contains vitamins such as vitamin C and vitamin E, minerals such as iron, potassium and manganese, as well as a high concentration of antioxidants that help fight free radicals in the body  

Researching the health benefits of turmeric is difficult and no clear health-related statements have been made so far. This is because the active ingredient in turmeric, curcumin, is unstable and breaks down quickly. This means that few tests are possible with the active ingredient. In addition, it is one of the substances that leads to false-positive results in many experiments. This means that many studies are not completely trustworthy and many have already been withdrawn.  

Turmeric is thought to be anti-inflammatory, but this requires further study. There is also the assumption that it can have a positive effect on blood sugar and regulation. Turmeric could be helpful in treating diseases such as arthritis, heart disease and even some types of cancer. In addition, its possible role in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's is being investigated  

However, what currently remains undisputed is that turmeric has a digestive effect. This can alleviate or prevent minor symptoms such as flatulence or a feeling of fullness after eating.  

Possible side effects  

In larger quantities, turmeric could be unhealthy during pregnancy and for people with gallstones. Therefore, turmeric should be avoided in these conditions. People taking blood thinning medications or medications to control diabetes should exercise caution when using turmeric as interactions may occur  

In spice quantities, turmeric is considered a safe food. However, since turmeric is an allergen, even small amounts of it can cause side effects in some people.  

Intake  

To reap the full health benefits of turmeric, it is recommended to use it with black pepper and fat (such as oil or ghee) as this improves the absorption of curcumin  

Which AgilNature® products contain turmeric?  

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

1. "Turmeric". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. May 2020. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric (accessed on January 19, 2024)  
2. Turmeric - a plant for all occasions? In: Consumer advice center. December 15, 2021. Retrieved on January 19, 2024  
3. Armin Ebrahimzadeh, Fatemeh Abbasi, Anahita Ebrahimzadeh, Aliyu Tijani Jibril, Alireza Milajerdi: Effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ulcerative colitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In: Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Volume 61, September 2021, p. 102773.  
4. Armita Mahdavi Gorabi, Mitra Abbasifard, Danyal Imani, Saeed Aslani, Bahman Razi: Effect of curcumin on C‐reactive protein as a biomarker of systemic inflammation: An updated meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. In: Phytotherapy Research. Volume 36, No. 1, January 2022, pp. 85-97.  
5. Pathomwichaiwat, T., Jinatongthai, P., Prommasut, N., Ampornwong, K., Rattanavipanon, W., Nathisuwan, S., & Thakkinstian, A. (2023). Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) supplementation on glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: An umbrella review and updated meta-analysis. PloS one, 18(7), e0288997.  
6. Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health. Foods. 2017 Oct 22;6(10):92. doi: 10.3390/foods6100092. PMID: 29065496; PMCID: PMC5664031.  

Origin and history

The passionflower ( Passiflora incarnata ) originally comes from South America. As a medicinal plant, it was often used as a sedative by Native Americans and also in Brazilian folk medicine. Christian immigrants in South America gave it the name Passiflora (“Passion”) incarnata (“the incarnate”), based on the biblical ordeal, as they associated the flowers with the various symbols of Christ's Passion. At the beginning of the 17th century, passionflower was also introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant. Today, India, Florida, Italy and Spain are the main growing areas for the plant. Fruits obtained from some species of the plant include passion fruit and passion fruit. It is also known as the “king of fruit juices” because it contains the flavor of 130 different fruits. The fruit of the flower contains many minerals and a particularly high vitamin C content.  

Passionflower is often found in tea blends, but also capsules and tablets with passionflower extract. Even though there are over 530 species worldwide today, only Passiflora incarnata is used in preparations.  

The main use of passion flower extracts is for a relaxing, tension and anxiety-relieving effect. The calming effect can not only be found in folk medicine, there are also enough studies that prove it. Passionflower contains a number of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids such as vitexin and isovitexin, which are known for their antioxidant properties. It also contains harmane alkaloids, which contribute to the calming and anti-anxiety effects. The medicinal plant is therefore used for problems falling asleep or to relax before stressful and nervous situations such as, for some, a visit to the dentist. In a study, sleep was examined after passion flower extract and an improvement in sleep efficiency and waking up was found in the test subjects. It is also often used in phytotherapy against tension and irritability, as well as associated back pain and tension or stomach and intestinal problems, as well as for depressive moods, hysteria or asthma. Based on studies, it is also suspected that it has a positive influence on the symptoms of neurological disorders such as ADHD and autism, but more detailed research is required to make clear statements.  

In terms of other health benefits, the plant contains phenols and flavonoids that are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.

Possible side effects  

Taking up to 800 mg per day is considered safe. However, it can cause agitation and confusion in some people.  

Pregnant women are advised not to take passionflower as it can cause contractions.  

Passion flower extracts should be taken with caution in certain medical conditions such as liver problems or low blood pressure. Simultaneous intake with sedating medications or alcohol should also be avoided.  

Applications in cosmetics  

Since the substances contained in passionflower are photoprotective with a factor of approximately 15, they are potentially suitable as sunscreen in some cosmetics. The most common use of passionflower and fruits is in skin care products such as face masks, as the extracts protect against collagen and soften the skin.  

Environmental benefit  

In view of environmental protection, the peels of the fruits can adsorb metal ions from wastewater, which can reduce the cost of wastewater treatment in some regions.  

Which AgilNature® products contain passionflower?  

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

1. "Passionflower". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. August 2020. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/passionflower (Accessed on January 19, 2024)  
2. Meneses C, Valdes-Gonzalez M, Garrido-Suárez BB, Garrido G. Systematic review on the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of flower extracts in in vivo pre-clinical studies published from 2010 to 2020. Phytother Res. 2023 May;37(5) :2144-2167.
3. Zhang J, Tao S, Hou G, Zhao F, Meng Q, Tan S. Phytochemistry, nutritional composition, health benefits and future prospects of Passiflora: A review. Food Chem. 2023 Dec 1;428:136825.
4. Janda K, Wojtkowska K, Jakubczyk K, Antoniewicz J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Passiflora incarnata in Neuropsychiatric Disorders-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 19;12(12):3894.
5. Lee J, Jung HY, Lee SI, Choi JH, Kim SG. Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020 Jan;35(1):29-35.
6. Golsorkhi H, Qorbani M, Sabbaghzadegan S, Dadmehr M. Herbal medicines in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An updated systematic review of clinical trials. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2023 Jul-Aug;13(4):338-353.
7. Amini F, Amini-Khoei H, Haratizadeh S, Setayesh M, Basiri M, Raeiszadeh M, Nozari M. Hydroalcoholic extract of Passiflora incarnata improves the autistic-like behavior and neuronal damage in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism. J Tradit Complement Med. 2023 Feb 23;13(4):315-324.

Origin and history

Lavender ( Lavandula officinalis ) probably originated in Persia and from there spread throughout the Mediterranean region. The bluish-purple flowering shrub grows primarily in southern France, Italy and Greece, but can also be found on the Canary Islands and North Africa. In addition to true lavender (Lavandula officinalis), there are numerous other species such as Lavandula angustifolia and lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia). Lavandula stoechas, also known as lavender, is characterized by its characteristic flower heads. Each type has its own scent and active ingredient profiles that make it ideal for different applications  

Lavender was already used in ancient Egypt for its disinfecting and healing effects, for example in religious ceremonies. The Romans also used lavender to cleanse the body and clothing. So it is not surprising that lavender is derived from the Latin word “lavare”, which means “to wash”. In the Middle Ages, monks brought lavender from Italy across the Alps, where it was widely planted in monastery and farm gardens. Nowadays, cultivated lavender grows in almost all climate zones, but only grows wild in the Mediterranean region.  

Lavender is probably the best-known natural remedy for restlessness, anxiety and stress due to its relaxing and calming effect. The active substances in lavender are found in the flowers, which contain essential oil and flavonoids. Lavender oil (especially the linalool and linalyl acetate it contains) can have a calming and sleep-inducing effect. Since, in addition to its calming properties, it is also said to be anti-flatulent and a cholagogue, it is also used to alleviate complaints such as inner restlessness, nervous exhaustion, difficulty falling asleep, migraines as well as nervous gastrointestinal and biliary problems. It has been found that lavender can be effective not only for stress-related sleep problems but also for cases of sleep disorders caused by caffeine.  

In aromatherapy, inhaling lavender oil causes calming, increases relaxation, improves sleep and also improves mood. This can be particularly helpful for depressive moods. The antioxidant and pain-relieving effects of the oil have been proven in studies on migraine headaches. For people with sleep disorders, the use of lavender improves well-being, supports mental clarity and suppresses aggression and anxiety. Even with needle injections, lavender not only reduced the fear of the needle, but also slightly reduced the pain.  

In addition, the plant's ingredients are considered anti-oxidant, which means they also have a neuroprotective function, and antibacterial.  

Caution 

Although lavender is generally considered safe, lavender oil should not be applied undiluted to the skin or taken internally 

Other applications 

Lavender is used in many ways, for example as a herb in the kitchen, tea, aromatic oil or in the form of nutritional supplements and medicines. In addition to its use as a medicinal plant, lavender is also often used as a moth repellent because the aroma is considered to repel insects. The dried flowers help against annoying moths in the wardrobe, for example.  

Which AgilNature® products contain lavender?  

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

1. "Lavender”. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. August 2020. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender (Accessed January 21, 2024)
2. Etheridge CJ, Mason P (2021) A Scientific Review of Selected Essential Oils and their Botanical Ingredients. Focus on Essential Oils used for Respiratory and Calming Indications. Arch Environ Sci Environ Toxicol 4:133.
3. Harada H, Kashiwadani H, Kanmura Y, Kuwaki T. Linalool Odor-Induced Anxiolytic Effects in Mice. Front Behavior Neurosci. 2018 Oct 23;12:241.
4. Ogata K, Ataka K, Suzuki H, Yagi T, Okawa A, Fukumoto T, Zhang B, Nakata M, Yada T, Asakawa A. Lavender Oil Reduces Depressive Mood in Healthy Individuals and Enhances the Activity of Single Oxytocin Neurons of the Hypothalamus Isolated from Mice: A Preliminary Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 Jul 14;2020:5418586.
5. Meneses C, Valdes-Gonzalez M, Garrido-Suárez BB, Garrido G. Systematic review on the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of flower extracts in in vivo pre-clinical studies published from 2010 to 2020. Phytother Res. 2023 May;37(5) :2144-2167.
6. Diass K, Merzouki M, Elfazazi K, Azzouzi H, Challioui A, Azzaoui K, Hammouti B, Touzani R, Depeint F, Ayerdi Gotor A, Rhazi L. Essential Oil of Lavandula officinalis: Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities. Plants (Basel). 2023 Apr 6;12(7):1571.
7. Babar Ali, Naser Ali Al-Wabel, Saiba Shams, Aftab Ahamad, Shah Alam Khan, Firoz Anwar, Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A review, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, Volume 5, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 601- 611, ISSN 2221-1691.
8. Kim S, Kim HJ, Yeo JS, Hong SJ, Lee JM, Jeon Y. The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17:823–6.
9. Xu Y, Ma L, Liu F, Yao L, Wang W, Yang S, Han T. Lavender essential oil fractions alleviate sleep disorders induced by the combination of anxiety and caffeine in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Feb 10;302(Pt A):115868.
10. Batiha, GE, Teibo, JO, Wasef, L., Shaheen, HM, Akomolafe, AP, Teibo, TKA, Al-Kuraishy, ​​HM, Al-Garbeeb, AI, Alexiou, A., & Papadakis, M. (2023) . A review of the bioactive components and pharmacological properties of Lavandula species. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 396(5), 877–900.

Origin and history

Hawthorn ( Crataegus ) is also known as hawthorn in Germany and is a genus of plants that includes several hundred shrubs and trees. The plant is native to the northern hemisphere, which includes Europe, Germany, Asia, North Africa and North America, with the latter having a particularly large number of species. The densely branched bushes usually grow with small thorns, flowers and typical red fruits. Most fruits are also edible and have a sour-sweet taste that is often used in teas, juices or jellies. The flowers and fruits have been used as traditional medicine since the 1st century AD, in Europe, in Chinese medicine and even by the native Americans. In mythology, the assumption developed that hawthorn can protect against evil. Hawthorn branches were also woven into children's cradles to protect children from evil fairies.  

As in folk medicine, the main use of hawthorn today is to treat heart failure. In traditional medicine it is also often used to strengthen circulation, reduce blood lipid levels and stimulate appetite and digestion. It can help with digestion by presumably acting as a prebiotic and promoting the growth of healthy intestinal bacteria.  

Studies indicate possible anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and digestive properties. Some studies have also observed a supportive effect of hawthorn in patients with heart failure. Hawthorn stimulates the contraction force of the heart and ensures better oxygen supply and blood circulation. Many different mechanisms are involved in the possible heart-protective effect of hawthorn; studies have shown that some ingredients can regulate cholesterol levels and thus reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, a narrowing of the blood vessels caused by fats. Hawthorn extracts may also have a positive influence on blood sugar levels and thus prevent diabetes and the associated stress on the cardiovascular system.  

Some active ingredients in hawthorn are also suspected to have a neuroprotective effect. Hawthorn can also potentially act as a remedy for nervousness.  

Possible side effects 

In general, hawthorn is well tolerated. However, some people may experience mild symptoms such as an upset stomach, nausea and a feeling of dizziness. An overdose can cause more serious symptoms, such as an irregular heartbeat and low blood pressure.  

Pregnant women and people on certain medications should consult their doctor before taking hawthorn.  

Interactions  

People taking heart medications such as digoxin/lanoxin should not take hawthorn. People who take platelet aggregation inhibitors or anticoagulants should also avoid taking them or consult a doctor beforehand.  

Other applications  

Hawthorn is available in various forms such as tea, tincture, extract or capsules. The recommended dosage varies depending on the form of application.  

Literature:  

1. Margret Wenigmann: Medicinal plants. Urban & Fischer, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-437-55570-7, p. 216.  
2. "Hawthorn". Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. 2019. https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/hawthorn#SideEffects (Accessed on January 22, 2024)  
3. Li R, Luan F, Zhao Y, Wu M, Lu Y, Tao C, Zhu L, Zhang C, Wan L. Crataegus pinnatifida: A botanical, ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological overview. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Jan 30;301:115819.  
4. Khan A, Akram M, Thiruvengadam M, Daniyal M, Zakki SA, Munir N, Zainab R, Heydari M, Mosavat SH, Rebezov M, Shariati MA. Anti-anxiety Properties of Selected Medicinal Plants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2022;23(8):1041-1060.  
5. Wang Y, Lang LJ, Zhu QJ, Wu XR, Shen L, Jiang B, Xiao CJ. Dibenzofurans from Crataegus oresbia and their lipid-lowering activity. Nat Prod Res. 2022 Dec;36(24):6297-6303.  
6. Cheng L, Yang Q, Li C, Zheng J, Wang Y, Duan B. Preparation, structural characterization, bioactivities, and applications of Crataegus spp. polysaccharides: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023 Dec 31;253(Pt 2):126671.  
7. Dehghani S, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. The effects of Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn) on metabolic syndrome: A review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2019 May;22(5):460-468.  
8. Dasgupta A, Kidd L, Poindexter BJ, Bick RJ. Interference of hawthorn on serum digoxin measurements by immunoassays and pharmacodynamic interaction with digoxin. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010 Aug;134(8):1188-92.  

Origin and history

The genus of stinging nettles ( Urtica ) includes up to 70 species worldwide. The most noticeable feature is the stinging hairs on the plant, which can cause painful swelling on the skin when touched. Nevertheless, people have not avoided the plant since early times and have made use of it. In the Bronze Age, in some regions, nettle fibers were used to make clothing, for example. Even today the majority is grown as a fiber crop. The plant is also found in many different folklore and traditional dishes around the world. It also has a long history of use as a medicinal plant, giving rise to many superstitions and customs.  

Characteristics  

In addition to its pleasant, slightly sour taste, nettle has many nutrients in dishes such as a high content of flavonoids, magnesium, potassium, silicon, vitamins A & C and proteins. In fact, the plant contains about twice as much vitamin C as oranges and up to 30% of the dry matter consists of proteins.  

The medicinal uses and health benefits of the plant are very diverse. The nettle detoxifies, promotes and stimulates the metabolism. Properties and effects that are known and have been investigated in studies are:  

- Influence on the central nervous system:  

The components of nettle have a neuroprotective effect and can ensure the survival of brain cells. In addition, they protect against damage thanks to their antioxidant effect. A study suggests that nettle also has a positive effect on learning performance. In mice, administration of nettle extract showed an antidepressant effect, which is also suspected to have potential in stress-induced neurological diseases.  

- Influence on the cardiovascular system:  

Due to its vasodilating effect, nettle extract can reduce heart rate and blood pressure, which can be beneficial if you have high blood pressure. The flavonoids it contains counteract the formation of blood clots in the vessels, which can otherwise lead to thrombosis or strokes. The knowledge obtained from studies supports the traditional benefits of the plant in the prevention and/or treatment of cardiovascular diseases.  

- Influence on the immune system:  

Nettle contents have been shown to be anti-inflammatory and immune stimulating. It also has an inhibitory effect on neuronal inflammation, which contributes to its neuroprotective properties. In addition, antimicrobial, antifungal and, for some viruses, antiviral effects have also been found.  

- Influence on metabolic syndrome:  

Metabolic syndrome describes a group of symptoms that occur together. These include obesity, high blood pressure and disorders of sugar and fat metabolism. Studies on diabetic mice have shown that nettle lowers blood sugar, stimulates insulin secretion and thus increases insulin levels in the blood and can counteract insulin resistance. It therefore offers a promising approach as a treatment option for diabetes.  

It is also effective for elevated blood lipid levels. Nettle lowers the cholesterol content in the blood. It lowers LDL cholesterol, which is considered “unhealthy,” and increases healthy HDL cholesterol. It is therefore also helpful in terms of fat metabolism.  

- Influence on the digestive system:  

Prolonged use of nettles provides a protective measure against chronic colitis. But for existing chronic illnesses such as IBD, nettle has a positive effect due to the plant's immune-modulating effect.  

- Anti-cancer effect:  

In studies of prostate cancer as well as breast cancer, anti-tumor properties of stinging nettle have been found. They inhibit cancer cell growth and also offer protection against cancer formation. The active ingredients of nettle had a chemopreventive and anti-mutagenic effect when mice were exposed to carcinogens.  

In experiments, it was found that nettle extract (more specifically Urtica dioica ) increased the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to treatments with cisplatin and also paclitaxel. When treating breast cancer, additional nettle intake could have a positive effect on the treatment. In addition, the extract has the potential to counteract side effects such as liver and kidney damage from cisplatin treatment .  

- Organ protective:  

Nettle has an antioxidant effect. This enables protection of organs and diseases associated with them. Organs sometimes include the brain, liver, lungs, kidneys, ovaries and uterus.  

- Pain-relieving effect (also for rheumatic diseases)  

- Potential help with hair loss  

- Supports wound healing  

Possible side effects  

Due to the heartbeat and blood pressure lowering effects of nettle, high consumption of the plant is not recommended.  

Due to the influence on blood sugar and pressure, a dangerous interaction should be ruled out when taking appropriate medication and seek advice from a doctor. People taking blood thinners or medications to control blood pressure should also exercise caution, as nettles can affect the effects of these medications.  

Nettle also causes more frequent urination.  

Although nettle is said to have an abortifacient effect and an influence on the menstrual cycle in traditional medicine, oral administration of 250 mg/kg of nettle to mice shows no abortifacient effect. However, there is still a lack of clear evidence against the abortifacient effect, so nettle intake should be completely avoided during pregnancy or in breastfeeding women and children.  

Interactions  

Possible interactions of stinging nettle with medications for rheumatoid arthritis, increased blood sugar and pressure, and depression as well as sedatives are possible. Therefore, taking them together is not recommended or prior advice is recommended.  

Which AgilNature® products contain nettle powder? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

1. Randall, Colin (2004). Kavalali, Gulsel M (ed.). Historical and modern uses of Urtica (pages 12-14). In: Urtica: The genus Urtica. CRC Press, Inc. pp. 12–14. ISBN 0203017927.  
2. Wolska J, Czop M, Jakubczyk K, Janda K: Influence of temperature and brewing time of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) infusions on vitamin C content. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2016;67(4):367-371  
3. Jerzy Lutomski, Henryk Speichert: The stinging nettle in medicine and nutrition. In: Pharmacy in our time. Volume 12, No. 6, 1983, pp. 181-186.  
4. Dhouibi R, Affes H, Ben Salem M, Hammami S, Sahnoun Z, Zeghal KM, Ksouda K. Screening of pharmacological uses of Urtica dioica and other benefits. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2020 Jan;150:67-77.  
5. Semwal P, Rauf A, Olatunde A, Singh P, Zaky MY, Islam MM, Khalil AA, Aljohani ASM, Al Abdulmonem W, Ribaudo G. The medicinal chemistry of Urtica dioica L.: from preliminary evidence to clinical studies supporting its neuroprotective activity . Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2023 May 12;13(1):16.  
6. Devkota HP, Paudel KR, Khanal S, Baral A, Panth N, Adhikari-Devkota A, Jha NK, Das N, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Hansbro PM. Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.): Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Food Functional Properties. Molecules. 2022 Aug 16;27(16):5219.  
7. Taheri Y, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sharifi-Rad J, Ezzat SM, Merghany RM, Shaheen S, Azmi L, Prakash Mishra A, Sener B, Kılıç M, Sen S, Acharya K, Nasiri A, Cruz-Martins N, Tsouh Fokou PV, Ydyrys A, Bassygarayev Z, Daştan SD, Alshehri MM, Calina D, Cho WC. Urtica dioica-Derived Phytochemicals for Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Feb 24;2022:4024331.  
8. Zamani-Garmsiri F, Akmali M, Gohari A, Zal F, Seghatoleslam A. Urtica dioica (Gazaneh) distillate restores glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. Int J Prev Med. 2023 May 27;14:68.  
9. Samakar B, Mehri S, Hosseinzadeh H. A review of the effects of Urtica dioica (nettle) in metabolic syndrome. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2022 May;25(5):543-553.  
10. Nafeh G, Abi Akl M, Samarani J, Bahous R, Al Kari G, Younes M, Sarkis R, Rizk S. Urtica dioica Leaf Infusion Enhances the Sensitivity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells to Cisplatin Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 May 23;16(6):780.  
11. Karakol P, Saraydin SU, Bozkurt M, Hepokur C, Inan ZDS, Turan M. Anticancer Effects of Urtica Dioica in Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2022 Feb 1;23(2):673-681.  
12. Esposito S, Bianco A, Russo R, Di Maro A, Isernia C, Pedone PV. Therapeutic Perspectives of Molecules from Urtica dioica Extracts for Cancer Treatment. Molecules. 2019 Jul 29;24(15):2753.  
13. Jaiswal V, Lee HJ. Antioxidant Activity of Urtica dioica: An Important Property Contributing to Multiple Biological Activities. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 Dec 19;11(12):2494.  
14. Gasmi A, Mujawdiya PK, Beley N, Shanaida M, Lysiuk R, Lenchyk L, Noor S, Muhammad A, Strus O, Piscopo S, Komisarenko A, Fedorovska M, Bjørklund G. Natural Compounds Used for Treating Hair Loss. Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(16):1231-1244.  
15. Kasouni AI, Chatzimitakos TG, Stalikas CD, Trangas T, Papoudou-Bai A, Troganis AN. The Unexplored Wound Healing Activity of Urtica dioica L. Extract: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Molecules. 2021 Oct 15;26(20):6248.  

Origin and history

Glucomannan is the name given to starch-like substances made from branched carbohydrate chains. Because devil's tongue root ( Amorphophallus konjac) contains about 40% glucomannan, the root, also known as konjac root, is the most important and prominent source of glucomannan. Konjac glucomannan is used in Europe as an additive in food under the number E 425 as a thickener. Also as a vegan replacement for gelatin. In Asia it has been used as a natural additive in traditional cuisine for around 1500 years. You can find higher levels of glucomannan in Shirataki noodles, for example. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.  

Characteristics

Glucomannan is characterized by a high content of soluble fiber , which contains few calories. And contains hardly any fat, protein or sugar, making it an attractive supplement for a healthy diet. As such a source, the fiber has positive effects on the digestive system and intestinal bacteria and can also form a protective film on the intestinal wall. Because it causes food to stay in the body longer, it can help you feel fuller for longer.  

The following health claims related to glucomannan have been evaluated and approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) through scientific studies:  

• Glucomannan contributes to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels (at a daily intake of 4 g)  
• Glucomannan contributes to weight loss as part of a low-calorie diet (with a daily intake of 3 g glucomannan in three servings of 1 g per serving)  

In studies, the cholesterol-lowering effect of glucomannan has been evaluated and confirmed by the EFSA, but other health benefits are still being investigated in science.  

Potential health-promoting effects that have not yet been fully established and confirmed include:  

• Anti-diabetic effect – Studies have shown that type 2 diabetics have reduced fasting sugar and insulin levels, as well as lower sugar levels after meals. Thus, glucomannan could help diabetics regulate their sugar.  
• Anti-tumor effect – Studies suggest that glucomannan has a direct, blocking effect on a signaling pathway in tumor cells that inhibits growth. Additionally, it has anti-oxidant properties and reduces cell stress that could lead to tumors.  
• Immune-stimulating effect - In a study, when in contact with antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, glucomannan led to an improved immune response and glucomannan could therefore also act as an immune-stimulating substance.  

Possible side effects  

If glucomannan is not taken with enough water, it can cause a risk of choking and intestinal blockage. Other undesirable effects include diarrhea, belching and flatulence. Therefore, you should always make sure you drink enough water when taking it.  

Interactions 

People taking blood sugar control medications or blood thinners should consult a doctor before taking glucomannan because it may affect the absorption of these medications. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women and people with existing intestinal problems should also consult a doctor before use.  

Which AgilNature® products contain glucomannan? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature: 

1. E 425 Konjac gum, Konjac glucomannan - Lexicon of additives. https://www.zusatzstoffmuseum.de/lexikon-der-zusatzstoffe/konjakgummikonjakglukomannan.html (accessed on January 16, 2024)  
2. Chua, M; Baldwin, T.C.; Hocking, T.J.; Chan, K (24 March 2010). "Traditional uses and potential health benefits of Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch ex NEBr". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 128 (2): 268–78.  
3. Ho HVT, Jovanovski E, Zurbau A, Blanco Mejia S, Sievenpiper JL, Au-Yeung F, Jenkins AL, Duvnjak L, Leiter L, Vuksan V. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of konjac glucomannan , a viscous soluble fiber, on LDL cholesterol and the new lipid targets non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 May;105(5):1239-1247.  
4. Devaraj RD, Reddy CK, Xu B. Health-promoting effects of konjac glucomannan and its practical applications: A critical review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019 Apr 1;126:273-281.  
5. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tao X, Wang Y, Rao B, Shi H. Effects of Glucomannan Supplementation on Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 24;15(3):601.  
6. Fang Y, Ma J, Lei P, Wang L, Qu J, Zhao J, Liu F, Yan X, Wu W, Jin L, Ji H, Sun D. Konjac Glucomannan: An Emerging Specialty Medical Food to Aid in the Treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Foods. 2023 Jan 12;12(2):363.  
7. Li JY, Sun F, Zhou HF, Yang J, Huang C, Fan H. A Systematic Review Exploring the Anticancer Activity and Mechanisms of Glucomannan. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Aug 23;10:930.  
8. Khanzadeh Tehrani M, Yazdi MH, Pourmand MR. Glucomannan enhanced the macrophage activity in exposure to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): in-vitro study. Iran J Microbiol. 2023 Aug;15(4):557-564.  
9. Igho Onakpoya MD igho.onakpoya@phc.ox.ac.uk , Paul Posadzki PhD & Edzard Ernst MD, PhD, FRCP, FRCP (Edin) (2014) The Efficacy of Glucomannan Supplementation in Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 33:1, 70-78.  

Origin and history 

The common dandelion ( Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, formerly Taraxacum officinale ) is a plant known to everyone with the characteristic yellow flower that develops into a dandelion. Originally from Eurasia, the plant can now be found all over the world.  

In symbolism, the dandelion often represents resilience and the ability to adapt to challenges. In some cultures it also symbolizes hope and wishes, which is reflected in the tradition of blowing the dandelion.  

The benefits of this plant in traditional medicine have been common for over 2000 years, for example it is used as a diuretic in traditional Chinese medicine. In Arabic medicine it was even one of the first remedies for liver diseases.  

Effects of dandelion

The health-supporting, healing effects of Lion's Number are versatile because the extract of the plant contains a wide range of different active substances. It also contains high amounts of vitamin A and vitamin C, important minerals such as potassium, iron and calcium as well as fiber.  

The phenols and flavonoids contained ensure effective anti-bacterial and anti-oxidative properties. The antioxidant property protects the cells in the body from stress that can lead to damage. In one study, bone cells were protected in this way and dandelion therefore offers a potential prevention of bone diseases caused by oxidative stress. It can also potentially serve as a preventive measure for other diseases caused by oxidative stress such as Alzheimer's and dementia.  

It can also ensure the health of the cells in our body with its anti-tumor effect, which has been examined in several studies. Sometimes against a very aggressive type of breast cancer. Ingredients in the plant inhibit the growth of cancer cells and cause them to die.  

Due to the anti-inflammatory effects of dandelion, it also creates a good basis for treating inflammation-related diseases such as tracheobronchitis. In addition, it may be a reason for the great potential of dandelion to protect the gastrointestinal tract and treat gastrointestinal diseases.  

Lion's Number Extract was also shown to be effective in protecting against liver damage in mice. Since some studies have also found a reduction in blood sugar and insulin resistance, it can also be effective in preventing diabetes.  

Regarding cardiovascular diseases, dandelion root extracts have been reported to have antiplatelet, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, which are beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.  

Possible side effects 

A high potassium content in dandelions is likely responsible for the diuretic effect. If ingested, it can therefore lead to more frequent urination.  

Because of its high mineral content, dandelion extract may interact with some antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin. Dandelion can cause the absorption of the antibiotic to be inhibited. This should be taken into account when taking together.  

People with gallstones or severe biliary tract diseases, as well as those taking anticoagulants, should consult their doctor before taking dandelion, as interactions are possible.  

Environmental friendliness  

Dandelions are an adaptable plant that thrive in a variety of environments. It prefers sunny locations and well-drained soil. Dandelions contribute to biodiversity by providing food for pollinators such as bees.  

Which AgilNature® products contain dandelion extract? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

Clare BA, Conroy RS, Spelman K. The diuretic effect in human subjects of an extract of Taraxacum officinale folium over a single day. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Aug;15(8):929-34.  

Fan M, Zhang X, Song H, Zhang Y. Dandelion (Taraxacum Genus): A Review of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects. Molecules. 2023 Jun 27;28(13):5022.  

Seo J.-E., Kim G.-H. Antioxidant Activity and Differentiation Effect of Taraxacum mongolicum Extracts against Hydrogen Peroxide-induced Oxidative Damage of MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast Cells. Korean J. Food Cook. Sci. 2012;28:311–318.  

Wang S, Hao HF, Jiao YN, Fu JL, Guo ZW, Guo Y, Yuan Y, Li PP, Han SY. Dandelion extract inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell proliferation by interfering with glycerophospholipids and unsaturated fatty acids metabolism. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 6;13:942996.  

Li Y, Deng Y, Zhang X, Fu H, Han X, Guo W, Zhao W, Zhao Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol. 2022 May 20;13:897465.  

Chen Y, Fei S, Yu X, Tan M. Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) Extract Alleviated H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage: The Underlying Mechanism Revealed by Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Foods. 2023 Sep 3;12(17):3314.  

Hwang KH, Park TK The inhibitory activity of the Taraxacum mongolicum on monoamine oxidase. Korean J. Pharmacogn. 2006;37:229–234.  

Li W, Luo F, Wu X, Fan B, Yang M, Zhong W, Guan D, Wang F, Wang Q. Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of Dandelion in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Zebrafish Larvae. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Aug 25;13:906927.  

Li Y, Chen Y, Sun-Waterhouse D. The potential of dandelion in the fight against gastrointestinal diseases: A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jul 15;293:115272.  

Zheng Y, Lei L, Liang S, Ai J, Deng X, Li YQ, Zhang TP, Pu SB, Ren YS. Protective Effect of Fresh/Dry Dandelion Extracts on APAP-Overdose-Induced Acute Liver Injury. Chin J Integr Med. 2022 Aug;28(8):683-692.  

Ignat MV, Coldea TE, Salanță LC, Mudura E. Plants of the Spontaneous Flora with Beneficial Action in the Management of Diabetes, Hepatic Disorders, and Cardiovascular Disease. Plants (Basel). 2021 Jan 23;10(2):216.  

Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Effects of taraxacum mongolicum on the bioavailability and disposition of ciprofloxacin in rats. J Pharm Sci. 1999 Jun;88(6):632-4  

Origin and history

The algae Chlorella ( Chlorella vulgaris ) are green, single-celled organisms whose name is derived from the Greek word chlōros, meaning green, and the Latin word ella, meaning small. The small green algae can be found in fresh water and is mainly produced in Japan, Germany and Taiwan for the production of nutritional supplements and medicine. The main consumer, Japan, uses it mainly as a dietary supplement or protein-containing food additive.  

 

Chlorella is ideal as a vegan protein source because the dried mass of the algae contains a whopping 42-58% protein in addition to important nutrients such as vitamin B12, iron and omega-3 fatty acids. Vitamin B12 is particularly important because our body needs it in a variety of metabolic reactions. Microalgae such as chlorella are also a source of a variety of minerals such as magnesium and zinc, important vitamins such as vitamins C and E, and essential fatty acids. Chlorella is also rich in antioxidants, chlorophyll and other vital substances, making it a popular addition to a balanced diet.  

Studies have shown that this algae has numerous potential health benefits. In some animal studies, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties have been observed with chlorella supplementation. Several human studies have reported that chlorella can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as improve fat levels and blood sugar levels. Mind you, this was not observed in all studies. However, the fat-lowering effect on LDL cholesterol is expected when taken between 0-1500 mg per day. The anti-oxidant properties of chlorella suggest, based on one study, that it also has liver-protecting properties. Some studies also suggest a blood pressure-lowering effect.  

Sustainability 

Chlorella is considered an environmentally friendly source of protein. Their high growth rate and the ability to grow them in controlled environments make them a sustainable alternative to traditional protein sources.  

Possible side effects  

Although chlorella is generally considered safe, some people may experience allergic reactions or gastrointestinal distress  

Which AgilNature® products contain chlorella? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature: 

1. Safi, C., Zebib, B., Merah, O., Pontalier, PY, & Vaca-Garcia, C. (2014). "Morphology, composition, production, processing and applications of Chlorella vulgaris: A review". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 35: 265–278.
2. Kumudha A, Selvakumar S, Dilshad P, Vaidyanathan G, Thakur MS, Sarada R (2015). "Methylcobalamin--a form of vitamin B12 identified and characterized in Chlorella vulgaris". Journal of Food Chemistry. 170: 316-320.
3. Barghchi H, Dehnavi Z, Nattagh-Eshtivani E, Alwaily ER, Almulla AF, Kareem AK, Barati M, Ranjbar G, Mohammadzadeh A, Rahimi P, Pahlavani N. The effects of Chlorella vulgaris on cardiovascular risk factors: A comprehensive review on putative molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Jun;162:114624.
4. Justo GZ, Silva MR, Queiroz ML. Effects of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris on the response of the host hematopoietic system to intraperitoneal honest ascites tumor transplantation in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2001 Feb;23(1):119-32.
5. Yasukawa K, Akihisa T, Kanno H, Kaminaga T, Izumida M, Sakoh T, Tamura T, Takido M. Inhibitory effects of sterols isolated from Chlorella vulgaris on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin. Biol Pharm Bull. 1996 Apr;19(4):573-6.
6. Eissa MM, Ahmed MM, Abd Eldaim MA, Mousa AA, Elkirdasy AF, Mohamed MA, Orabi SH. Chlorella vulgaris ameliorates sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Feb;28(8):9731-9741.
7. Sherafati N, Bideshki MV, Behzadi M, Mobarak S, Asadi M, Sadeghi O. Effect of supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris on lipid profile in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2022 Jun;66:102822.
8. Neumann, Ulrike & Bischoff, Stephan. (2018). Microalgae in human nutrition – a sensible future perspective? Current nutritional medicine. 43. 102-110. 10.1055/a-0595-6520.

Origin and history 

Psyllium seeds (Plantago psyllium ) are small, elliptical, reddish-brown, shiny seeds and are visually reminiscent of fleas. They owe their name to this appearance. The plants from which psyllium seeds come are native to the Mediterranean region, but today the main producer is India. There and also in China they are known for their traditional medicinal use for digestive problems.  

Using psyllium husks

Psyllium husks are used medicinally as a laxative. The seeds contain fiber, which swells in the intestines, stimulating and speeding up digestion. Psyllium husks have an even stronger swelling effect than whole psyllium seeds. They also contain small amounts of proteins, vitamins and minerals such as potassium, iron and calcium. Especially in the outer layer of the seed coats there are many mucilages that contain xylose, arabinose and galacturonic acid. The soluble fiber binds water in the intestines and swells. This increases the volume of the intestinal contents and stimulates digestion and softens the stool. Which can particularly help with constipation and diarrhea. In contrast to many phytopharmaceuticals that are based on empirical medicine, the effect of psyllium husk as a mild laxative has been confirmed in several clinical studies.  

Other health-promoting effects that have been found in clinical studies when taking psyllium husks include lowering cholesterol levels. Most studies found a reduction in LDL cholesterol, but HDL cholesterol remained unaffected. A possible cause of this observation is the formation of a mucous complex by the seeds in the small intestine, which binds cholesterol and bile acid and excretes them so that they are not reabsorbed into the serum.  

Blood sugar was also reduced in people with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes when taking the seeds during a meal. In type 2 diabetes patients, this was also accompanied by weight loss in one study. Due to the possible positive influence of psyllium husks on blood sugar, it can make sense to incorporate this fiber into your diet as a preventive measure.  

Research has also shown that psyllium supplementation can help reduce BMI.  

Sustainability 

Growing psyllium is typically sustainable because the plant has low water and soil requirements .  

Possible side effects 

Since the psyllium husks are broken down by some intestinal bacteria and produce hydrogen and methane, increased flatulence can occur in some cases. It is important to drink enough when using psyllium seeds. Without sufficient fluid intake, the mucous substances cannot swell properly and thus lead to digestive problems.  

Dosage recommendations  

For constipation relief, a starting dose of 5 grams is often recommended, which can be gradually increased as needed up to a maximum of 30 grams per day  

Psyllium in the kitchen
Psyllium seeds can be used as a binding agent in baking. Especially when baking gluten-free, where there is no gluten protein, you can alternatively use the swelling effect of psyllium seeds. Psyllium seeds can also be added to mueslis, for example, if an additional portion of fiber is desired. Dough that is too thin can also be thickened with psyllium seeds.  

Which AgilNature® products contain psyllium husks? 

*Nutrient Reference Value = Percentage of the reference value according to Appendix XIII of the Food Information Regulation (EC) No. 1169/2011.  

** No recommendation available.  

Literature:  

Belorio M, Gómez M. Psyllium: a useful functional ingredient in food systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(2):527-538. 

A. Hensel et al.: Indian psyllium husks. An old drug for modern diseases of civilization. In: Deutsche Apothekerzeitung 2001, 01/36, p. 55. (Accessed on January 16, 2024)  

Jovanovski, Elena; Yashpal, Shahen; Komishon, Allison; et al. (September 15, 2018). "Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets, non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 108 (5): 922–932.  

Everson GT, Daggy BP, McKinley C, Story JA. Effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on LDL-cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in hypercholesterolemic men. J Lipid Res. 1992 Aug;33(8):1183-92. 

Gibb RD, McRorie JW, Russell DA, Hasselblad V, D'Alessio DA (December 2015). "Psyllium fiber improves glycemic control proportional to loss of glycemic control: a meta-analysis of data in euglycemic subjects, patients at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus". At the. J. Clin. Nutr. 102 (6): 1604–14. 

Abutair, AS, IA Naser, and AT Hamed. 2016. Soluble fibers from psyllium improve glycaemic response and body weight among diabetes type 2 patients (randomized control trial). Nutrition Journal 15(1):86. 

Yusof HM, Liew YW, Ali A, Zakaria NS. Supplementation of psyllium husk and selected herb mixture improves cardiovascular disease risk factors in female adults. J Appl Pharm Sci, 2023; 13(11):161–169.